{"id":15176,"date":"2025-02-07T10:18:07","date_gmt":"2025-02-07T08:18:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/?p=15176"},"modified":"2025-02-11T11:54:50","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T09:54:50","slug":"wolf-attacks-estonia-cattle-insurance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/useful\/articles\/wolf-attacks-estonia-cattle-insurance\/","title":{"rendered":"Does pet and cattle insurance cover wolf attacks on domestic animals?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"15176\" class=\"elementor elementor-15176\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d7efb58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5d7efb58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32d40bf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"32d40bf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><nav aria-label=\"breadcrumbs\" class=\"rank-math-breadcrumb\"><p><\/p><\/nav><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e4750ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1e4750ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a047e75 ddddf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a047e75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c9d99a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"20c9d99a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Does pet and cattle insurance cover wolf attacks on domestic animals?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18b94166 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18b94166\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e8adb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"13e8adb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15177\" alt=\"hundir\u00fcnnakud\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19d502c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"19d502c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-175f64b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"175f64b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does pet and cattle insurance cover wolf attacks on domestic animals?<\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the past year, the Estonian press has frequently reported wolf attacks, including on livestock and dogs. Pet and cattle insurance does not prevent such attacks, but does the insurance contract cover the damage they cause?<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.err.ee\/1609506337\/kliimaministeerium-ei-toeta-lambaid-rundavate-huntide-kohapeal-tapmise-ideed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ERR writes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that wolves have increased from 19 packs to 39 in 9 years. With this increase, wolf attacks on sheep flocks have also increased, regardless of how well the owners protect their livestock. Mirjam Pikkmets, CEO of the Estonian Sheep and Goat Breeders&#8217; Association, referred to a wolf attack in the Kukruse district of Kohtla-J\u00e4rve. In this attack, a wolf broke through a fence recognised as predator-proof.<\/span><\/p><h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frequent wolf attacks in Viljandi County<\/span><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While in September 2024, it was written in the K\u00e4rstna village <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/story.php?story_fbid=918637440299792&amp;id=100064606334811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facebook group<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> how wolves had mauled several dogs in the Veisj\u00e4rv and Pahuvere areas at the end of the summer and that officials had not even shown up to the latest incidents, Maaleht wrote just before Christmas about another wolf attack in Viljandi County, where the wolf managed to drag the dog by the throat into the forest, but where the dog owner was, fortunately, able to retrieve his animal alive.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A member of the public described seeing a large black dog dragging his three-year-old dog toward the forest. After finding the tracks and hearing a scream, the wolf finally let go of the man&#8217;s pet and ran into the forest.<\/span><\/p><h1><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15182\" src=\"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/koer-225x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"304\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/koer-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/koer.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/h1><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Photo of a dog injured in the forest on its way home from the vet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A few days later, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sakala.postimees.ee\/8159980\/mulgimaal-kihutas-mees-koera-paastmiseks-autoga-hundikarja\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sakala wrote<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about an incident in the village of Pahuvere in Mulgimaa, where wolves had once again mauled a dog in the yard in the village centre just a few weeks earlier (which has not been reported in the press), and how the dog owner tried to save his pet from the wolf pack attack by running over them with a car.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The wolf pack, consisting of at least five members, stopped attacking the dog when the car approached and fled a short distance away. However, it then watched the vehicle rather than run into the forest. The dog limped to its kennel and refused to come out. Unfortunately, the dog died a few days later from injuries from the wolf attack. The owner said he did not want to leave the house for a long time after this sad event.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The latest news is about a wolf attack on the morning of February 1, which <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sakala.postimees.ee\/8184027\/viljandimaal-murdsid-hundid-koduhoovis-keset-paeva-koera\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sakala<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> wrote about again. In the village of \u00c4ng in Viljandi County, wolves mauled an eight-year-old dog right next to a house that had gone to the barn with its owner in the morning.<\/span><\/p><h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History of wolf attacks in Estonia<\/span><\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imelineajalugu.ee\/hundid-murdsid-eestis-ule-100-lapse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imeline ajalugu<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shares wolf researcher Ilmar Rootsi&#8217;s doctoral thesis about how, in the 19th century, the situation with wolf attacks in East Estonia was so out of control that over a period of 50 years (1804\u20131853), man-eating wolves mauled at least 111 people (statistics only reflect Lutherans), of whom 108 were children, one woman and two men. The darkest year was 1809 when at least 45 children fell victim to wolves.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to Rootsi, studies and historical experiences show that although wolves have an innate fear of humans, some wolves have an inherent urge to attack people and do not do so solely out of hunger.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He adds: \u201cThe prerequisite for this is also the situation where wolves are not hunted, which is why they have lost their fear of humans. In addition to naturally aggressive animals, sick, injured, and old individuals that can no longer catch their natural prey can also become dangerous to humans, as well as (mother) wolves that are worried about feeding their voracious puppies \u2013 there are even more reasons and situations. Then the safest and easiest prey for such animals is a human child!\u201d.<\/span><\/p><h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hunting wolves versus those defending animal rights<\/span><\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.err.ee\/1609516708\/hundijahi-peatamine-tekitab-vastakaid-arvamusi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ERR writes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that the wolf hunt lasted only a few days, and one wolf even lost its life until the court stopped the hunt again under preliminary legal protection. Eleri Lopp, a representative of MT\u00dc Eesti Suurkiskjad, believes that the current hunting limits are based on an agreement between interest groups and that there are not as many wolves as claimed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lopp said, &#8220;If you look at the Environmental Agency&#8217;s monitoring and reports, they are mainly based on data received from hunters, e.g., trail cameras. Today, the question is whether this is reliable and what can be used to say that the wolf is in a favourable condition.&#8221;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lopp believes that better preventive measures should be used instead of hunting because the wolf simply protects its territory, and breaking is its natural behaviour. The woman calls the allegations that Lopp, who organises nature tours for foreigners, is motivated by a desire to protect his business interests and slander by hunters.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On November 15, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/virumaateataja.postimees.ee\/8135511\/hundikaitsja-eleri-lopp-on-korraldanud-valismaalastele-karu-ja-podrajahte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Virumaa Teataja<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> wrote that the current wolf protector, Eleri Lopp, has allegedly previously been involved in organising hunting tourism and has mediated hunters from abroad to Estonia through the company O\u00dc Estonian Nature.<\/span><\/p><h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Record-high wolf numbers<\/span><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/keskkonnaagentuur.ee\/uudised\/suurkiskjate-arvukus-viimase-kumnendi-rekordtasemel-kuid-metskitsel-oluliselt-langenud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environment Agency<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published news at the beginning of July 2024 that the number of wolves had increased significantly again. In the fall of 2023, there were 39 wolf packs with puppies, and the total number of wolves was between 350 and 400 individuals, a 25-year record. Since the amount of damage caused by wolves has also increased significantly, it is recommended to increase the wolf hunting volume compared to last year in order to reduce the number. However, despite this, the Environmental Board issued a preliminary hunting limit of 90 animals for the wolf hunting season at the beginning of November, which was challenged in court by MT\u00dc Eesti Suurkiskjad.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So much is happening on the opposing front that at the end of January 2025, the Environmental Board finally decided to<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejs.ee\/keskkonnaamet-muutis-hundi-kuttimismahtu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> confirm the new wolf hunting volume for the 2024\/2025 hunting year as 121 individuals instead of 90<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the Viljandi-Valga management area, 7 individuals instead of the previous 5 wolves may be hunted. The Environmental Board increased the wolf hunting volume in the Ida-Viru and P\u00e4rnu-Viljandi management areas with the highest priority by a total of 13 individuals, as repeated damage to livestock and pets had been observed in these areas after the proposal for the 1st part of the hunting volume was made.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By January 13, hunters had <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sakala.postimees.ee\/8172807\/poolesaja-lastud-hundi-seas-on-ka-raskelt-haige-koertemurdja\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hunted a total of 59 wolves<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Estonia. Sakala describes that in Viljandi County, where wolves have killed over a dozen dogs in a few months, only four or five wolves have been shot, one of which was an animal with severe mange, which was probably one of the ones who went to kill dogs in the yards. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sakala.postimees.ee\/8167036\/karstna-lahedal-lasti-uks-hunt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sakala<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8216;s later news tells how 97 hunters who were out hunting on the lands of the Vambola Hunting Society in Viljandi County in the K\u00e4rstna area cornered five wolves, of which an additional grey wolf was caught during a four-hour hunt.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.keskkonnaamet.ee\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2025-01\/Hundi%20k%C3%BCttimine%20seisuga%2031.01.2025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Board<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a total of 69 wolves had already been hunted in Estonia as of 31st January 2025.<\/span><\/p><h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wolf attacks and animal insurance<\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pet and livestock insurance are intended to help cover unexpected medical costs if a pet gets injured or falls ill. Since insurers also pay compensation if your pet dies, disappears, is stolen, or damages someone else&#8217;s property, under what conditions does animal insurance apply to wolf attacks?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both pet insurance and animal insurance, and both If Insurance and ERGO, consider a wolf attack to be an insured event, meaning that the costs incurred are compensated according to the insurance contract. If insurance replied that since it is not an excluded event, then yes, wolf attacks are included in their pet and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/news\/special-reports\/how-dog-insurance-helped-dog-owner\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dog insurance policies<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The ERGO Insurance representative specified that a wolf attack can be covered by veterinary expenses [if the animal survives], and the death of the animal is also covered by the insurance contract [risk].<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to the insurance conditions, an exclusion may be the injury or death of an animal that has run away from home, since <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/insurance\/pet-insurance\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pet insurance<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is concluded as an add-on to the home insurance contract by default.<\/span><\/p><h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible exclusions in livestock insurance<\/span><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the death of an animal as a result of an accident is not considered an insured event during theft, robbery or attempts at these crimes, in order to prove that the animal was broken by predators, it is necessary to find the carcass or remains of the insured animal, on the basis of which it is possible to determine that the death of the insured animal was indeed caused by the breaking by predators.<\/span><\/p><h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deductible<\/span><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The deductible is the part of the costs incurred by the insured event that is borne by the policyholder. In the event of an animal becoming ill or injured, the costs incurred for its treatment and\/or examination (examinations or treatment at a veterinary clinic, purchase of medicines, fees to a veterinarian, etc.), unless otherwise agreed.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Over the past year, the Estonian press has frequently reported wolf attacks, including on livestock and dogs. Pet and cattle insurance does not prevent such attacks, but does the insurance contract cover the damage they cause?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7223,"featured_media":15177,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"acf":[],"blog_post_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"full":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false]},"categories_names":{"21":{"name":"Articles","link":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/category\/useful\/articles\/"}},"tags_names":[],"comments_number":"0","rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"large":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-1024x683.jpg",800,534,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-1536x1024.jpg",1536,1024,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/grey-wolf-canis-lupus-standing-winter-2048x1365.jpg",2048,1365,true]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Maiko Markus","author_link":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/author\/maiko\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/category\/useful\/articles\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Articles<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Over the past year, the Estonian press has frequently reported wolf attacks, including on livestock and dogs. Pet and cattle insurance does not prevent such attacks, but does the insurance contract cover the damage they cause?","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15176","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7223"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15176"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15176\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15177"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moneyhub.ee\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}